![]() ![]() The early period ended in a time of political and economic change, as a result of mechanization in society, the American Revolution, and the first French Revolution other factors included the redrawing of the map of Europe by the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and the peace established by the Second Treaty of Paris, which ended the Napoleonic Wars. Īs the Age of Revolution dawned, beginning with revolts in America and France, political changes were then pushed forward in other countries partly as a result of upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars and their impact on thought and thinking, from concepts from nationalism to organizing armies. The Great Divergence took place as Western Europe greatly surpassed China in technology and per capita wealth. Russia reached the Pacific coast in 1647 and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century. The globalization of the period can be seen in the medieval North Italian city-states and maritime republics, particularly Genoa, Venice, and Milan. Along with the European colonization of the Americas, this period also contained the Commercial Revolution and the Golden Age of Piracy. The old order was destabilized by the Protestant Reformation, which caused a backlash that expanded the Inquisition and sparked the disastrous European wars of religion, which included the especially bloody Thirty Years' War and ended with the establishment of the modern international system in the Peace of Westphalia. ![]() Feudalism declined in Europe, and Christendom saw the end of the Crusades and of religious unity in Western Europe under the Roman Catholic Church. ![]() Overview Map of the world, by Paolo Petrini, 1700Īt the onset of the early modern period, trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization, politically and economically. It was first picked up within the field of economic history during the 1940s and 1950s and gradually spread to other historians in the following decades and became widely known among scholars during the 1990s. The term "early modern" was first proposed by medieval historian Lynn Thorndike in his 1926 work A Short History of Civilization as a broader alternative to the Renaissance. The early modern period is a sub-division of the most recent of the three major periods of European history: antiquity, the Middle Ages and the modern period. Other notable trends of the period include the development of experimental science, increasingly rapid technological progress, secularized civic politics, accelerated travel due to improvements in mapping and ship design, and the emergence of nation states. The early modern period also included the rise of the dominance of mercantilism as an economic theory. New economies and institutions emerged, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the period. ![]() Historians in recent decades have argued that, from a worldwide standpoint, the most important feature of the early modern period was its spreading globalizing character. Its end is often marked by the French Revolution, and sometimes also the American Revolution or Napoleon's rise to power. Various events and historical transitions have been proposed as the start of the early modern period, including the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the start of the Renaissance, the end of the Crusades and the beginning of the Age of Discovery. In the context of global history, the early modern period is often used even in contexts where there is no equivalent "medieval" period. In a European context, it is defined as the period following the Middle Ages and preceding the advent of modernity, sometimes defined as the " late modern period". In general, the early modern period is considered to have lasted from the 16th to the 19th centuries (about 1500–1800). There is no exact date that marks the beginning or end of the period and its timeline may vary depending on the area of history being studied. The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity. ![]()
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